II.
Basics
of a
Model
Basics
of a
Model
a. Fundamental
relationships
relationships
Assuming that contraction is the defining characteristic of physical reality leads to the realization that
there exists certain fundamental relationships between the velocity of light, the age of the Universe,
and Planck's length and time, and that these relationships are basic a model of physical reality. This
model would be based upon a velocity for light of c which stays constant relative to all inertial
reference frames, but which contracts in size, along with the size of all inertial frames, with the
passage of time, and upon two fundamental time periods, a minimum one, defined by Planck's time
period (P.t.), (approx. 5.4x10^-44) sec., and a maximum one, equal to the perceived radius of the
Universe divided by Planck’s length, (equal to approximately 7.2x10^60, and which I’ll refer to as
the Universe’s frequency), multiplied by Planck’s time ( 5.4x10^-44) sec. This is equal to (approx.
4x10^17 sec, approx. 13.3 billion years) which I'll call the base age (b.a.) for the Universe.
there exists certain fundamental relationships between the velocity of light, the age of the Universe,
and Planck's length and time, and that these relationships are basic a model of physical reality. This
model would be based upon a velocity for light of c which stays constant relative to all inertial
reference frames, but which contracts in size, along with the size of all inertial frames, with the
passage of time, and upon two fundamental time periods, a minimum one, defined by Planck's time
period (P.t.), (approx. 5.4x10^-44) sec., and a maximum one, equal to the perceived radius of the
Universe divided by Planck’s length, (equal to approximately 7.2x10^60, and which I’ll refer to as
the Universe’s frequency), multiplied by Planck’s time ( 5.4x10^-44) sec. This is equal to (approx.
4x10^17 sec, approx. 13.3 billion years) which I'll call the base age (b.a.) for the Universe.
I have hypothesized that the velocity of light, Planck's length (P.l.),
and what I'll call the base radius (b.r.) of the Universe (equal to c
multiplied by the base age, and termed base radius because this may
be different than the measured radius) can be described in terms of
their sizes relative to each other. Using the term (Tp), which I'll call
the age constant and equal to approximately (2x10^17)sec, or one
half the base age of the Universe, we can say that the base radius of
the Universe, equals 2(Tp)c, and that Planck's length,
(1.61x10^-35^m), equals c/(Tp^2Tp^1/2). This then means that
Planck's frequency (1.9x10^43) is equal to (Tp^2Tp^1/2)and the
Planck time period (approx. 5.4x10-44) ) is equal to
1/(Tp^2Tp^1/2) sec.
and what I'll call the base radius (b.r.) of the Universe (equal to c
multiplied by the base age, and termed base radius because this may
be different than the measured radius) can be described in terms of
their sizes relative to each other. Using the term (Tp), which I'll call
the age constant and equal to approximately (2x10^17)sec, or one
half the base age of the Universe, we can say that the base radius of
the Universe, equals 2(Tp)c, and that Planck's length,
(1.61x10^-35^m), equals c/(Tp^2Tp^1/2). This then means that
Planck's frequency (1.9x10^43) is equal to (Tp^2Tp^1/2)and the
Planck time period (approx. 5.4x10-44) ) is equal to
1/(Tp^2Tp^1/2) sec.
Thus
we
have:
we
have:
Age constant of
the Universe, =
(Tp), approx.
2x10^17 sec.
the Universe, =
(Tp), approx.
2x10^17 sec.
Base age of
the
Universe,
b.a. = 2(Tp)
sec.
the
Universe,
b.a. = 2(Tp)
sec.
Base radius
of the
Universe,
b.r.= 2(Tp)c
of the
Universe,
b.r.= 2(Tp)c
Planck time, P.t.= (approx.
5.4x10^-44)=
1/(Tp^2Tp^1/2) sec.
5.4x10^-44)=
1/(Tp^2Tp^1/2) sec.
Planck frequency, P.f. =
(approx. 1.9x10^43
=(Tp^2Tp^1/2)
(approx. 1.9x10^43
=(Tp^2Tp^1/2)
Planck length, P.l.
= 1.61x10^-33 cm
= c/(Tp^2xTp^1/2)
= 1.61x10^-33 cm
= c/(Tp^2xTp^1/2)
No. of
Planck time
units that
have passed
since the
beginning of
the Universe
at a given
time = tp
Planck time
units that
have passed
since the
beginning of
the Universe
at a given
time = tp
Frequency of the
Universe (no. of
Planck time units
that have passed
since the beginning
of the Universe at
the present time),
Uf = (approx.
7.2x10^60)
Universe (no. of
Planck time units
that have passed
since the beginning
of the Universe at
the present time),
Uf = (approx.
7.2x10^60)
I will use these terms to define three basic
"realms of action" ; one being space-time,
on which gravity acts, another being mass
structure, where nuclear forces operate,
and the third being the realm of the
electro-magnetic force. Describing these
realms in terms of relative sizes and
frequencies reveals a fundamental
relationship between the age and size of
the Universe and Planck's time period,
and gravitational, nuclear and
electro-magnetic forces.
"realms of action" ; one being space-time,
on which gravity acts, another being mass
structure, where nuclear forces operate,
and the third being the realm of the
electro-magnetic force. Describing these
realms in terms of relative sizes and
frequencies reveals a fundamental
relationship between the age and size of
the Universe and Planck's time period,
and gravitational, nuclear and
electro-magnetic forces.
These realms of action are related to particular contraction rates derived from the basic contraction factor of 1/Uf, (approx.
1/7.2x10^60). The contraction hypothesis states that all space and entities within the Universe should be considered to be
contracting relative to the overall size of the Universe. It can be assumed that any length within the Universe is contracting at
the rate of L(c)/Uf, where L is the length considered in terms of no. of Planck lengths and Uf is the number of Planck time
units that have past since the beginning of the Universe. This then means that a length equal to the base radius of the
Universe contracts at a rate of c (which is equal to Planck’s length per Planck’s time period). Thus it can be stated that the
space between any point in space and any other point in space located at a distance equal to the base radius of the
Universe in any direction will contract at a rate of Planck’s length per Planck’s time period (c), the space between two
points separated by half the base radius of the Universe will contract at a rate of c/2, and the space between two points
separated by 1/3 the radius of the Universe will contract at a rate of c/3, ect. However, it is also possible to use different
contration factors to produce a contraction rate of c. By reducing the length considered and increasing the rate of
contraction by an equal factor, the result will still be a contraction rate of c. If we use one over the square root of Uf (this
equal to approx. 1/2.75x10^30) as the contraction factor instead of 1/Uf, this increasing the instantaneous rate of
contraction (reducing time increases the rate of contraction), but also reduce the length of space being contracted by a
factor of one over the square root of Uf, thus from the radius of the Universe to approximately 10^-5 m, a velocity of c is
still produced by the contraction. This reduction to the length of space can be applied again to the 10^-5 m length, but this
time by a factor of one over the fourth root of Uf, (approx. 1/1.7x10^15), this giving a length on the order of 10^-20
meters, which, when contracting by a rate of 1/the fourth rate of Uf produces the desired rate of c. As I will explain more
later, these lengths and contraction factors define the realms of action where the various types of energy operate; with the
approxiately 1/10^60 factor defining the realm of space-time (length equal to the radius of the Universe), on which gravity
acts, the 1/10^30 factor defining the realm of the electro-magnetic force (length equal to approximately 10^-5 meters), and
the third being the realm of mass structure, where nuclear forces operate, defined by the factor 1/(10^30)x(10^15), with a
base operating length on the order of 10^-20 meters.
1/7.2x10^60). The contraction hypothesis states that all space and entities within the Universe should be considered to be
contracting relative to the overall size of the Universe. It can be assumed that any length within the Universe is contracting at
the rate of L(c)/Uf, where L is the length considered in terms of no. of Planck lengths and Uf is the number of Planck time
units that have past since the beginning of the Universe. This then means that a length equal to the base radius of the
Universe contracts at a rate of c (which is equal to Planck’s length per Planck’s time period). Thus it can be stated that the
space between any point in space and any other point in space located at a distance equal to the base radius of the
Universe in any direction will contract at a rate of Planck’s length per Planck’s time period (c), the space between two
points separated by half the base radius of the Universe will contract at a rate of c/2, and the space between two points
separated by 1/3 the radius of the Universe will contract at a rate of c/3, ect. However, it is also possible to use different
contration factors to produce a contraction rate of c. By reducing the length considered and increasing the rate of
contraction by an equal factor, the result will still be a contraction rate of c. If we use one over the square root of Uf (this
equal to approx. 1/2.75x10^30) as the contraction factor instead of 1/Uf, this increasing the instantaneous rate of
contraction (reducing time increases the rate of contraction), but also reduce the length of space being contracted by a
factor of one over the square root of Uf, thus from the radius of the Universe to approximately 10^-5 m, a velocity of c is
still produced by the contraction. This reduction to the length of space can be applied again to the 10^-5 m length, but this
time by a factor of one over the fourth root of Uf, (approx. 1/1.7x10^15), this giving a length on the order of 10^-20
meters, which, when contracting by a rate of 1/the fourth rate of Uf produces the desired rate of c. As I will explain more
later, these lengths and contraction factors define the realms of action where the various types of energy operate; with the
approxiately 1/10^60 factor defining the realm of space-time (length equal to the radius of the Universe), on which gravity
acts, the 1/10^30 factor defining the realm of the electro-magnetic force (length equal to approximately 10^-5 meters), and
the third being the realm of mass structure, where nuclear forces operate, defined by the factor 1/(10^30)x(10^15), with a
base operating length on the order of 10^-20 meters.
b. Space
and
Gravity
and
Gravity
As I've stated, the contraction hypothesis states that
all space and entities within the Universe should be
considered to be contracting relative to the overall size
of the Universe. For now we can assume that any
length within the Universe is contracting at the rate of
L/2T per second, where L is the length considered
and 2T is the number of seconds (base age) that have
past since the beginning of the Universe. This then
means that a length equal to the base radius of the
Universe contracts at a rate of c, which is equal to
Planck’s length per Planck’s time period.
all space and entities within the Universe should be
considered to be contracting relative to the overall size
of the Universe. For now we can assume that any
length within the Universe is contracting at the rate of
L/2T per second, where L is the length considered
and 2T is the number of seconds (base age) that have
past since the beginning of the Universe. This then
means that a length equal to the base radius of the
Universe contracts at a rate of c, which is equal to
Planck’s length per Planck’s time period.
Thus it can be stated that the space between any point in space and any other
point in space located at a distance equal to the base radius of the Universe in any
direction will contract at a rate of Planck’s length per Planck’s time period. This
can be used to describe an expansion-contraction action of a fundamental unit of
space with a size based upon Planck’s length. Taking a spherical volume of space
with a radius equal to Planck’s length, we can give it oscillating motions in three
dimensions of a length equal to Planck’s length and with a time period equal to
Planck’s time period. Over Planck time period the resulting impression would be
of a sphere with a surface that oscillates in and out, or in other words expands and
contracts, over a length equal to Planck’s length. This basic expansion-contraction
action is what gravity acts upon.
point in space located at a distance equal to the base radius of the Universe in any
direction will contract at a rate of Planck’s length per Planck’s time period. This
can be used to describe an expansion-contraction action of a fundamental unit of
space with a size based upon Planck’s length. Taking a spherical volume of space
with a radius equal to Planck’s length, we can give it oscillating motions in three
dimensions of a length equal to Planck’s length and with a time period equal to
Planck’s time period. Over Planck time period the resulting impression would be
of a sphere with a surface that oscillates in and out, or in other words expands and
contracts, over a length equal to Planck’s length. This basic expansion-contraction
action is what gravity acts upon.
The oscillating surface described above, which can be described in
terms of a rotating vector, can be considered to represent an
expansion-contraction fold, or riff. This riff can be paralleled to the
basic string of string theory. As stated earlier, though, with the
contraction approach we discover that there are extended aspects to
this riff, or string, and these extended aspects connect each riff to
every other riff in the physical Universe. Also, because of relativity, it
can be that instead of there being an expansion-contraction riff
affecting the basic unit of space, the basic unit of space can be
considered to be motionless with the actual motion, or rifting, taking
place at the perimeter of the Universe. These concepts are explained
in greater detail later.
terms of a rotating vector, can be considered to represent an
expansion-contraction fold, or riff. This riff can be paralleled to the
basic string of string theory. As stated earlier, though, with the
contraction approach we discover that there are extended aspects to
this riff, or string, and these extended aspects connect each riff to
every other riff in the physical Universe. Also, because of relativity, it
can be that instead of there being an expansion-contraction riff
affecting the basic unit of space, the basic unit of space can be
considered to be motionless with the actual motion, or rifting, taking
place at the perimeter of the Universe. These concepts are explained
in greater detail later.
The description of the contraction of space in terms of the expansion and contraction of a group of fundamental units of
space can be used to define the "realm of action" for gravity and to describe the spatial distortions of gravity. As stated
earlier, matter has extended aspects, and one manifestation of these extended aspects is gravity, in the form of gravity
waves or gravitons. As general relativity shows, gravity warps space-time. In the contraction approach though, gravity can
be considered to be actually an extension of matter, with a fundamental increment of matter being associated with a
fundamental increment of gravity, a graviton, with these gravitational increments causing fundamental increments of space to
expand and contract at different rates, causing the repositioning of matter and energy located within the field. In a
gravitational field space can be considered to expand outwardly from the center of gravity and relative to the position of
matter and energy in the field, and then contract at a faster rate toward the gravitational center, carrying along with it the
matter and energy located in the field, imparting an increase in velocity toward the center of the field to the matter and
energy. With this understanding there is a simple and direct method for describing acceleration due to gravity. Mass can be
described in terms of fundamental units, with each fundamental unit of mass equal to h/c^2. Each of these units produces a
certain amount of gravity which causes an increase in the rate of contraction of the space between it and other units of
mass. It can be said that the sum of the contracting forces of these fundamental mass units which comprise a mass body
warps the space-time that contains the body, as says General Relativity theory, causing mass and energy located in that
space-time to accelerate toward the center of the group of mass units. In terms of hypothetical gravitons, it can be said that
gravitons cause an imbalance in the expansion and contraction of the fundamental units of space that comprise space-time,
this giving the fundamental units a structure which causes mass and energy located in that space to contract toward the
position of the fundamental unit with the greatest number of gravitons, this being located the center of the gravitational field.
Here is a formula for acceleration due to gravity that is derived with the contraction approach, using the term Tp, and which
is equivalent to Newton's gravitational equation:
Acceleration = [2pi(N)(c/(Tp^3))]/[(d^2)(Tp^2)/(c(1sec))^2)], where c is the velocity of light, N=mc^2 /h, h equals
Planck's constant, Tp is the age constant (approx. 2x10^17)seconds, and d is the distance between the masses. This can
also be expressed as wc/D^2, where w is the angular frequency of the mass (defined as (2pi)mc^2/h), of the system, c is
the speed of light and D is the distance between the bodies expressed in terms a number of Planck length units (d/Planck's
length).
space can be used to define the "realm of action" for gravity and to describe the spatial distortions of gravity. As stated
earlier, matter has extended aspects, and one manifestation of these extended aspects is gravity, in the form of gravity
waves or gravitons. As general relativity shows, gravity warps space-time. In the contraction approach though, gravity can
be considered to be actually an extension of matter, with a fundamental increment of matter being associated with a
fundamental increment of gravity, a graviton, with these gravitational increments causing fundamental increments of space to
expand and contract at different rates, causing the repositioning of matter and energy located within the field. In a
gravitational field space can be considered to expand outwardly from the center of gravity and relative to the position of
matter and energy in the field, and then contract at a faster rate toward the gravitational center, carrying along with it the
matter and energy located in the field, imparting an increase in velocity toward the center of the field to the matter and
energy. With this understanding there is a simple and direct method for describing acceleration due to gravity. Mass can be
described in terms of fundamental units, with each fundamental unit of mass equal to h/c^2. Each of these units produces a
certain amount of gravity which causes an increase in the rate of contraction of the space between it and other units of
mass. It can be said that the sum of the contracting forces of these fundamental mass units which comprise a mass body
warps the space-time that contains the body, as says General Relativity theory, causing mass and energy located in that
space-time to accelerate toward the center of the group of mass units. In terms of hypothetical gravitons, it can be said that
gravitons cause an imbalance in the expansion and contraction of the fundamental units of space that comprise space-time,
this giving the fundamental units a structure which causes mass and energy located in that space to contract toward the
position of the fundamental unit with the greatest number of gravitons, this being located the center of the gravitational field.
Here is a formula for acceleration due to gravity that is derived with the contraction approach, using the term Tp, and which
is equivalent to Newton's gravitational equation:
Acceleration = [2pi(N)(c/(Tp^3))]/[(d^2)(Tp^2)/(c(1sec))^2)], where c is the velocity of light, N=mc^2 /h, h equals
Planck's constant, Tp is the age constant (approx. 2x10^17)seconds, and d is the distance between the masses. This can
also be expressed as wc/D^2, where w is the angular frequency of the mass (defined as (2pi)mc^2/h), of the system, c is
the speed of light and D is the distance between the bodies expressed in terms a number of Planck length units (d/Planck's
length).
c. Photon
motion and
structure
motion and
structure
As I've stated, the contraction hypothesis states that all space and entities within the
Universe should be considered to be contracting relative to the overall size of the
Universe. It can be assumed that any length within the Universe is contracting at the rate
of L/t per second, where L is the length considered and t is the number of seconds
(base age) that have past since the beginning of the Universe. This then means that a
length equal to the base radius of the Universe contracts at a rate of c (this can also be
described as Planck’s length per Planck’s time period). This can be utilized to describe
the motion through space, at a rate of c, of a photon (and a theoretical graviton) by
simply regarding the motion of a photon to be the result of the photon following the
contraction of the space between the position of the photon and a position at a distance
equal to the base radius of the Universe in a particular direction.
Universe should be considered to be contracting relative to the overall size of the
Universe. It can be assumed that any length within the Universe is contracting at the rate
of L/t per second, where L is the length considered and t is the number of seconds
(base age) that have past since the beginning of the Universe. This then means that a
length equal to the base radius of the Universe contracts at a rate of c (this can also be
described as Planck’s length per Planck’s time period). This can be utilized to describe
the motion through space, at a rate of c, of a photon (and a theoretical graviton) by
simply regarding the motion of a photon to be the result of the photon following the
contraction of the space between the position of the photon and a position at a distance
equal to the base radius of the Universe in a particular direction.
Consequently it can be stated that
the space between any point in
space and any other point in space
located at a distance equal to the
base radius of the Universe in any
direction will contract at a rate of
Planck’s length per Planck’s time
period, which is equal to c, the
speed of light, and a photon will
follow that contraction in a
particular direction, also at a
speed of c.
the space between any point in
space and any other point in space
located at a distance equal to the
base radius of the Universe in any
direction will contract at a rate of
Planck’s length per Planck’s time
period, which is equal to c, the
speed of light, and a photon will
follow that contraction in a
particular direction, also at a
speed of c.
In regards to the structure of a photon, though ultimately the complete picture of a photon
will reveal that on a certain level it is spread out in every direction into all the space-time of
the Universe, for now it can be said that a photon has a center point and a perimeter point,
with this perimeter point located a distance approximately equal to Planck's length from the
center point and rotating around the center point. This is the same description given earlier
for space itself, the oscillation being termed a spatial expansion-contraction action, with the
difference being that the photon’s expansion contraction is moving in a particular direction
relative to the spatial contraction at c. Consequently a photon’s expansion-contraction can
be referred to as a displaced spatial expansion-contraction. As with spatial contraction, the
center point and the perimeter point of a photon can be represented by a rotating vector
equal in length to Planck's length rotating with a period equal to Planck's time.
will reveal that on a certain level it is spread out in every direction into all the space-time of
the Universe, for now it can be said that a photon has a center point and a perimeter point,
with this perimeter point located a distance approximately equal to Planck's length from the
center point and rotating around the center point. This is the same description given earlier
for space itself, the oscillation being termed a spatial expansion-contraction action, with the
difference being that the photon’s expansion contraction is moving in a particular direction
relative to the spatial contraction at c. Consequently a photon’s expansion-contraction can
be referred to as a displaced spatial expansion-contraction. As with spatial contraction, the
center point and the perimeter point of a photon can be represented by a rotating vector
equal in length to Planck's length rotating with a period equal to Planck's time.
When Planck's time unit is
considered to be a fundamental
time quanta, the perimeter
described above by the rotating
vector can be considered to
represent an
expansion-contraction fold, or
riff, that exists as a whole unit
over the period of one time
quanta, equal to Planck's time.
This riff can be paralleled to the
basic string of string theory.
considered to be a fundamental
time quanta, the perimeter
described above by the rotating
vector can be considered to
represent an
expansion-contraction fold, or
riff, that exists as a whole unit
over the period of one time
quanta, equal to Planck's time.
This riff can be paralleled to the
basic string of string theory.
The origin of the vector described above will move at an average velocity of c, average
because there is also an oscillating motion associated with the origin's motion, this oscillation in
a +/- direction of the photon's velocity. This oscillating motion is distinct from the rotation of
the vector just described, since, as stated, this is an oscillation of the origin of the fundamental
rotating vector just described. This oscillation, which I’ll refer to as the “photon” oscillation,
gives the photon the characteristic wavelength and frequency normally associated with it's
energy and described by the equation v=E/h, where E is the photons energy, h is Planck's
constant and v is the photon's frequency, and the wavelength equals the wave 1/v. This
description of this oscillation is simplistic in that it is not taking into account the quantum nature
of a photon's motion. This aspect of a photon's motion is not yet relevant to this depiction of a
photon and is addressed in the section on quantum phenomena.
because there is also an oscillating motion associated with the origin's motion, this oscillation in
a +/- direction of the photon's velocity. This oscillating motion is distinct from the rotation of
the vector just described, since, as stated, this is an oscillation of the origin of the fundamental
rotating vector just described. This oscillation, which I’ll refer to as the “photon” oscillation,
gives the photon the characteristic wavelength and frequency normally associated with it's
energy and described by the equation v=E/h, where E is the photons energy, h is Planck's
constant and v is the photon's frequency, and the wavelength equals the wave 1/v. This
description of this oscillation is simplistic in that it is not taking into account the quantum nature
of a photon's motion. This aspect of a photon's motion is not yet relevant to this depiction of a
photon and is addressed in the section on quantum phenomena.
The photon oscillation distributes the core of
the photon, that is, the displaced spatial
expansion-contraction that is the core of a
photon, through space. This distribution,
described by the photon’s wavelength
(c/frequency), determines the energy of the
photon. Basically, the energy of a photon is
determined by the concentration over time of
the basic expanding-contracting riff (the core of
the photon) in an area of space, this
concentration revealed by the wave associated
with the photon.
the photon, that is, the displaced spatial
expansion-contraction that is the core of a
photon, through space. This distribution,
described by the photon’s wavelength
(c/frequency), determines the energy of the
photon. Basically, the energy of a photon is
determined by the concentration over time of
the basic expanding-contracting riff (the core of
the photon) in an area of space, this
concentration revealed by the wave associated
with the photon.
A photon's energy is determined
by it's vector origin's rate of
oscillation, with a maximum period
of oscillation equal to 2Tp
seconds, this for a photon with
minimum possible energy, and with
all other possible periods being an
eignfrequency of this period. Also,
these other periods will represent
multiples of the period of the
fundamental photon oscillation
(equal to Planck‘s time).
by it's vector origin's rate of
oscillation, with a maximum period
of oscillation equal to 2Tp
seconds, this for a photon with
minimum possible energy, and with
all other possible periods being an
eignfrequency of this period. Also,
these other periods will represent
multiples of the period of the
fundamental photon oscillation
(equal to Planck‘s time).
With this description of a photon, the
energy of a photon can be understood
to be the result of the potential that
exists in both the contraction action that
exists in spatial contraction (the
individual units of space) plus the
potential that exists between any point
in space and the other points in space
that are located at a distance equal to
the basic radius of the Universe away,
this causing the velocity of c for the
photon.
energy of a photon can be understood
to be the result of the potential that
exists in both the contraction action that
exists in spatial contraction (the
individual units of space) plus the
potential that exists between any point
in space and the other points in space
that are located at a distance equal to
the basic radius of the Universe away,
this causing the velocity of c for the
photon.
d. Matter
structure and
nuclear forces
structure and
nuclear forces
To describe the matter state, the velocity c associated with
a photon should now be described in terms of a unique
oscillating motion, thus a third oscillation, which I’ll refer to
as the matter oscillation. This oscillation is distinct from the
photon oscillation, and the photon oscillation still exists
even when a photon is in the matter state. The matter
oscillation period equals the total energy of the matter
(c^2) divided by Planck’s constant (h), thus it would be
the same as a photon with the same energy. The length of
the rotating vector describing the matter oscillation will
equal the wavelength of a photon with equivalent energy,
divided by 2pi.
a photon should now be described in terms of a unique
oscillating motion, thus a third oscillation, which I’ll refer to
as the matter oscillation. This oscillation is distinct from the
photon oscillation, and the photon oscillation still exists
even when a photon is in the matter state. The matter
oscillation period equals the total energy of the matter
(c^2) divided by Planck’s constant (h), thus it would be
the same as a photon with the same energy. The length of
the rotating vector describing the matter oscillation will
equal the wavelength of a photon with equivalent energy,
divided by 2pi.
The length of space
in which the matter
oscillation occurs is
described by the
secondary
contraction factors
of 1/square root of
Up times the fourth
root of Up that I
introduced earlier.
This length is on the
order of 10^-20
meters in length.
in which the matter
oscillation occurs is
described by the
secondary
contraction factors
of 1/square root of
Up times the fourth
root of Up that I
introduced earlier.
This length is on the
order of 10^-20
meters in length.
Obviously as mass becomes concentrated in a small area of space the wavelength associated with the total energy of the
matter becomes shorter. Eventually a sufficient amount of matter properly concentrated forms nuclear bonds, both weak
and strong. In the contraction approach this occurs because the concentration of matter reaches a critical point and the
space that the matter exists in becomes fundamentally altered. It becomes both expanded, and turned inside out, relative to
normal space, creating a different realm of space. The fundamental sphere of space with a radius of approx. 2 Planck
lengths described earlier for normal space, in a manner of speaking, expands, with the surface of the sphere becoming
"spread" through a lenght of space, this effectively expanding the sphere of space from a radius of approximately the length
of 2 Planck lengths to the radius of a nucleon (about 1x10-15 meters). The expanded surface of the sphere representing the
space of the nucleon, which will be at variable distances from the center of the sphere, becomes the “point of contraction”
for the photons comprising the nucleon. This is why quarks act as they do. Attempting to pull them apart actually pulls them
toward the inside surface of the sphere and this increases the binding force of the quarks. To separate them one would
need to force them together, to the center of the sphere, where the expansion-contraction of the photons comprising them
would interact differently.
matter becomes shorter. Eventually a sufficient amount of matter properly concentrated forms nuclear bonds, both weak
and strong. In the contraction approach this occurs because the concentration of matter reaches a critical point and the
space that the matter exists in becomes fundamentally altered. It becomes both expanded, and turned inside out, relative to
normal space, creating a different realm of space. The fundamental sphere of space with a radius of approx. 2 Planck
lengths described earlier for normal space, in a manner of speaking, expands, with the surface of the sphere becoming
"spread" through a lenght of space, this effectively expanding the sphere of space from a radius of approximately the length
of 2 Planck lengths to the radius of a nucleon (about 1x10-15 meters). The expanded surface of the sphere representing the
space of the nucleon, which will be at variable distances from the center of the sphere, becomes the “point of contraction”
for the photons comprising the nucleon. This is why quarks act as they do. Attempting to pull them apart actually pulls them
toward the inside surface of the sphere and this increases the binding force of the quarks. To separate them one would
need to force them together, to the center of the sphere, where the expansion-contraction of the photons comprising them
would interact differently.
With the contraction approach, it can be seen that the binding forces between nucleons are
equal to the gravitational attraction between two particles with a nucleon's mass but which
are separated by a distance equal to one Planck length unit. The acceleration due to this
force can be described by the same equation introduced earlier for gravity, [(wc)x
(Planck's length)^2]/d^2, with d set to one. The need to set the distance (d) to one reflects
the concept that the net effect of concentrating matter into a nucleon is the expansion of the
basic unit of space that they exist in, from a radius of approximately the length of 2 Planck
lengths to the radius of a nucleon (about 1x10-15 meters). This force would diminish
rapidly, just as gravitational attraction does at distances closes to Planck's length, since in
this approach magnitude of attraction is described as diminishing by a factor of Planck's
length squared divided by separating distance squared.
equal to the gravitational attraction between two particles with a nucleon's mass but which
are separated by a distance equal to one Planck length unit. The acceleration due to this
force can be described by the same equation introduced earlier for gravity, [(wc)x
(Planck's length)^2]/d^2, with d set to one. The need to set the distance (d) to one reflects
the concept that the net effect of concentrating matter into a nucleon is the expansion of the
basic unit of space that they exist in, from a radius of approximately the length of 2 Planck
lengths to the radius of a nucleon (about 1x10-15 meters). This force would diminish
rapidly, just as gravitational attraction does at distances closes to Planck's length, since in
this approach magnitude of attraction is described as diminishing by a factor of Planck's
length squared divided by separating distance squared.
e. Electro-magnetic forces
Another "realm of action" defined by c and the age and size of the Universe is that of the electro-magnetic force. the
secondary contraction factor that applies to this realm is 1/10^30, over a length of approxiately 10^-5. EMF forces
result from the orientation of contraction and expansion actions within rotating particles, this creating an EMF.
Another "realm of action" defined by c and the age and size of the Universe is that of the electro-magnetic force. the
secondary contraction factor that applies to this realm is 1/10^30, over a length of approxiately 10^-5. EMF forces
result from the orientation of contraction and expansion actions within rotating particles, this creating an EMF.
The force of a EMF can be related to gravitational force in the same way the nuclear binding forces were. Since
the nuclear binding force must overcome the EMF repulsive force of protons, at a distance of approximately 10
-15 meters, when the nuclear force begins to overcome the EMF, they are at about equal strength. Thus the force
imparted by EMF at this distance is also equal in magnitude to the gravitational force between two protons
separated by a distance equal to Planck’s length (as described earlier). The difference though is the strength of the
EMF diminishes with increases in distance at a slower rate than does the nuclear force, since the rate is based
upon distances measured in terms relative to the radius of the nucleus (approximately 10 -15 meters) squared and
not in terms relative to Planck length squared. This reflects the different realms of action each operate in, defined
by different sized distance scales.
the nuclear binding force must overcome the EMF repulsive force of protons, at a distance of approximately 10
-15 meters, when the nuclear force begins to overcome the EMF, they are at about equal strength. Thus the force
imparted by EMF at this distance is also equal in magnitude to the gravitational force between two protons
separated by a distance equal to Planck’s length (as described earlier). The difference though is the strength of the
EMF diminishes with increases in distance at a slower rate than does the nuclear force, since the rate is based
upon distances measured in terms relative to the radius of the nucleus (approximately 10 -15 meters) squared and
not in terms relative to Planck length squared. This reflects the different realms of action each operate in, defined
by different sized distance scales.
