Alternative Relativity                                                                                              by Richard Quist                                                                                                  copyright 2008   The great paradox of special relativity is that two observers in relative motion to each other perceive reality very differently.  The key element that describes this difference is the concept of time dilation, with the observer considered to be in motion necessarily needing to be considered to be observing reality under the influence of a time dilation, even though the observer in motion himself does not perceive this time dilation,  perceiving himself to be experiencing time normally. This approach successfully explains why the velocity of light in a vacuum is observed to be constant by all observers in all reference frames. Special relativity assumes that each observer perceives light as moving at the same velocity, c, though time dilation causes different perceptions of the same events.  With the contraction approach there is another way to understanding this paradox, a way that opens up many possibilities. At first glance there is an apparent contradiction between the concepts of a constant and a contracting speed for light. There is a simple explanation for this in regards to the speed of light in the past relative to the present. We never perceive the actual past of anything, only the present condition of what was in the past, and anything from the past, including the speed of light, contracts to the present. Explaining time dilation is slightly more complicated, but the explanation opens up a deeper understanding of the mechanics of physical reality.  A dilated reference frame, while not the same as a past frame, can be correlated to past frames. According to the contraction approach, past frames are larger than present frames. It can thus be said that a time dilation of u corresponds to a past frame which is larger in size relative to the present by a factor of u, since in that time dilated frame less time, by a factor of 1/u, has past relative to the non-dilated frame, thus the frame is less contracted. This larger frame then will have a faster contraction rate than the present since the contraction rate is determined by the equation c equals (u)(1/tp), where tp is the number of Planck time units that have past since the beginning of the Universe. This faster contraction rate is equal to (u)(-1/tp^2) per Planck time units (u times the derivitive of c=1/tp), so in the context of the non-dilated frame the dilated frame will appear to be 1/u times smaller in size relative to the non-dilated frame, and the past frame associated the time dilated frame. We can now say that the frame of the observer in motion undergoes a contraction in size and in velocity of light in all directions by a factor of 1/u relative to what should be a larger (by a factor of u) past frame, and this becomes manifest as a perception of a constant speed for light by all observers. I will now present an alternative understanding of how the observer in motion perceives time as passing in a non-dilated manner. He simply perceives reality from the perspective of a contracted frame, though with time pasing in a non-dilated manner.  This would mean that the observer in motion actually experiences a contraction in the velocity of light relative to the velocity of light as measured by the stationary observer, though they don't perceive it as such because of the overall contraction of size (all perceptions are contracted) which also occurs.  This then explains how the observer in motion can be experiencing normal time while simultaneously existing in a state of time dilation as perceived by a motionless observer. I will soon use this interpretation, in combination with the conventional interpretation of relativity, to explain two different physics phenomena; the initial rapid expansion of the Universe, and quantum "spreading" (non-localization) of particles. As with conventional relativity, with the contraction solution there are different perceptions of reality for two observers in motion relative to each other, though the nature of the differences are different.  The main characteristic of the new interpretation is that the perceived normal reference frame of the observer considered to be in motion is for the most part contracted to within the space of the dilated reference frame that is ascribed to the observer in motion.  Because of this it is easier to see how the path of a photon is translated from one observer's perception to the other's.  Below I illustrate this.
					fig. 1a                                                                fig. 2a
		Referring to fig. 1a, when an observer in motion moves from position (a) to position (b) at a velocity of .867c, after one second a photon of light released by the observer when he is at (a) will end up at position (c).  From the point view of a stationary observer located at (a) that photon will have appeared to have moved from (a) to (c) in that one second, and a photon that he himself has released in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the motion of (b) will end up at point (g), a distance equal to the distance between (a) and (c), this equal to 1 times the speed of light.  From the point of view of the observer in motion, now located at (b), however, the photon he released when he was at point (a) will have appeared to him to have moved only from (b) to (c), equal to only half the distance between (a) and (c), but since time is dilated for the moving observer by a factor of two (thus only half as much time passes), velocity is still perceived to be c.  According to the conventional interpretation of special relativity, the observer in motion at (b), according to the observer at (a), does not see himself as in motion but instead sees (a) as in motion.  Thus he will always see himself at (b), and he will perceive the other observer to have moved away from position (b) to position (a), and a photon released by the other observer to have moved from (b) to (i).  With the contracting concept however, depicted in fig. 2, the situation is different. According to the observer at (b), observer (a) will have appeared to have moved from position (b) to position (f), since length is contracted by a factor of one half, and a photon released by that moving observer will appear to have moved from (b) to (e).  The observer at (b) will still perceive time as not dilated for himself and as dilated for the other observer at (f) because both distance measurement and velocity of light have contracted for him by the same factor (1/u, in this case equal to 1/2). The concept of contracted reference frames is actually derived from an understanding of the consequences of the length contraction of relativity. Without length contraction, a stationary observer would determine that the velocity of light from a source in motion would need to be increased by a factor of u in the directions parallel to motion for the observer in motion.  This is because without length contraction the light would have to travel too great a distance, by a factor of (u) in the eyes of the observer in the dilated frame.  It is the phenomenon of length contraction that enables the stationary observer to say that for the observer in motion the velocity of light has not needed to increase in this direction, and thus a constant relationship between the speed of light and length measure is maintained. I will now present an alternative interpretation of  "Special Relativity Theory" that is consistent with observations but which includes a description of accelerated time reference frames.  This interpretation can be useful in applications to quantum phenomena, in the development of a theory of anti-gravity and a more complete explanation of the initial expansion of the Universe as described by "Big Bang Theory". The concept of accelerated time frames probably has not previously been considered with relativity theory because of the presumption that the relative nature of motion seems to preclude the possibility that accelerated time reference frames can be uniquely defined. However, there is a way to describe relative time accelerated reference frames that is consistent with observations. According to the conventional interpretation of relativity an observer in motion is considered to be in a dilated time reference frame only from the perspective of a second observer who is not considered to be in motion, as that first observer would not perceive himself to be in motion and will attribute motion, and a time dilation, to the second observer. If we assume though that the first observer actually knows that he is experiencing time such that it is dilated relative to another observer who is moving away from him at some velocity he would conclude, though he doesn't directly perceive it, that the second observer must perceive photons as moving away from himself at a rate of u(c), since time is moving faster by a factor of (u) for that observer, and that in directions parallel to the motion between the two the second observer must also experience a length expansion, also by a factor of (u). There are two ways of understanding the lack of perception by the first observer of the accelerated state of second observer. The accelerated state is by nature not directly observable; it renders an entity either invisible, or perceived only as in a dilated state (the latter the conventional understanding).  Below I illustrate this.
The observer in what is considered to be the normal, non-dilated frame, but which is actually dilated relative to the accelerated frame, is represented by the smaller circle centered at (b).  From this perspective the accelerated frame represented by the larger circle centered at (a) would not be directly perceived.  The distance (bd) represents the distance a photon travels in one second as measured by the normal time frame and (ac), as well as (ad) is the distance a photon moves in the accelerated frame over the same period, though this time period is now measured as a multiple of that of the slower frame, by a factor of ac/bd, this equal to u. Accelerated time reference frames would have characteristics that are opposite to those of the dilated time reference frames of special relativity theory. For an accelerated frame, time is accelerated, mass is diminished, and length is expanded.  Thus, in the example above, in the eyes of the first observer, the second observer would experience an acceleration in time, have diminished mass, and expanded length in the direction of motion, even though this would not be directly perceived by the first observer. Just as before when I described dilated frames in terms of contraction there seems to be a contradiction between the concept of contracting frames, which implies that future frames are relatively smaller, and the expansion caused by time acceleration. The reasoning that resolves this apparent paradox is the same as that which explains the contracted nature of dilated frames. Since future frames are smaller their contraction rates relative to a normal present frame are less, and this can cause a relative expansion, not in the size of the accelerated frame as measured in terms of it's velocity of light, but in terms of it's dispersion into the space of the present frames. This concept can be paralleled to our presently accepted understanding of the rapid expansion of space at the beginning of the Universe, where the velocity of light does not increase with the expansion, even though the Universe is expanding faster than the speed of light, but instead, pockets of space inflate, causing the rapid expansion. I will now combine the concept of accelerated time reference fames with the concept of contracted non-dilated frames introduced earlier. Then I described a moving non-dilated reference frame that is contracted by a factor of 1/u relative to a motionless non-dilated frame, this contraction caused by the contraction of the dilated frame related to the motion. Basically, the moving non-dilated frame is part of the time continuim defined by the motion of the dilated frame, though with a faster rate of passage of time, thus with a distance scale size that is contracted relative to the distance scale associated with the dilated frame, which itself is contracted relative to the expanded (by a factor of u, because of the principle that frames contract with time) past conditon of the motionless frame. The result is that the moving non-dilated frame also becomes contracted relative to the motionless non-dilated frame by a factor of 1/u. Now if we say that the contracted non-dilated frame which is accelerated relative to the dilated state, as described earlier for accelerated frames, inflates into the space of non-contracted non-dilated normal frame under certain cuircumstances, and under other circumstances inflates to an even greater degree, even to the ends of the Universe, we then have a way to describe the quantum nature of a particle in motion. This will be explained further later. An aspect of the concepts presented thus far is that with it one reference frame can more obviously be considered to be preferred over another, which is not true in conventional interpretations of relativity.  In my paper "The Big Shrink" (at www.richardquist.com) there is a section called "Hidden Aether",   in which I use the expansion of the space of the Universe as a basis for determining actual, as opposed to simply perceived, time reference frames.  With the contraction approach to describing relativity however, it becomes possible to choose a single point in the Universe as a reference point for a primary reference frame, with the reference frames determined for all other positions in space (as is  described in "A Hidden Aether") described as contracted relative to this primary frame. Another point that should touched upon here is that thus far I've described a moving non-dilated reference frame that is contracted, by a factor of 1/u, relative to a motionless non-dilated frame, this contraction related to the contraction of the dilated frame which is related to the motion. As just stated the moving non-dilated frame is part of the time continuum defined by the motion of the dilated frame, though with a faster rate of passage of time, thus with a distance scale size that is contracted relative to the distance scale associated with the dilated frame, which itself is contracted relative to the expanded (by a factor of u, because of the principle that frames contract with time) past condition of the motionless frame, with the result being that the moving non-dilated frame is contracted relative to the motionless non-dilated frame by a factor of 1/u. If we now put a limit on the degree that any entity can contract relative to the size of initial space (at tp=1), this limit equal to a contracted size of approximately 1/10^60 (radius of the Universe divided by Planck's length), we then can say that at this point that the moving non-dilated frame will stop contracting relative to the initial space but will however begin to expand beyond the bounds of the dilated frame, basically spreading through motionless non-dilated space. From this we can explain the development of the different "levels" of space introduced in a previous chapter. With this scheme a contraction factor of approximately 1/10^90 relative to the initial space of the Universe will produce a "rebound" expansion of equal to approximately 10^30x(Planck's length), and one of approximately 10^75 produces an expansion equal to about 10^15x(Planck's length), these lengths consistent with those described earlier for the size of the levels of space. This concept will also be used later in the explanation of quantum phenomena. Another aspect of this alternative view of relativity is that it makes it possible to describe space as existing in a normal state and within the confines of the singularity of a black hole, even the initial singularity described by the Big Bang theory, simultaneously.  This, in combination with aspects of the conventional interpretation of relativity, can produce what I believe to be a more reasonable and accurate explanation of the creation and apparent expansion of the Universe. With this approach a black hole's dilated condition caused by gravity can be described in terms of expansion and contraction relative to the normal non-dilated space of the Universe, and this becomes the basis for describing an internal, contracted normal time reference frame for the black hole. One assumption that must be made is that the singularity caused by the black hole does not produce infinitely contracted time reference frames, but instead a finite degree of contraction defined by the relative size of Planck's length compared to the size of the finite, visible Universe, this presently on the order of 1/7.2x10^60 to 1. According to the contraction interpretation of relativity just described it can be said that it is possible that black holes contain a contracted, normal, time reference frames within themselves, with these frames contracted relative to the size of the dilated reference frame as described by the length contraction associated with the time dilation of the black hole.  Then it can said that the internal normal non-dilated time reference frame is contracted in size and velocity of light relative to the normal non-dilated reference frame of the space the Universe by a factor of u, where u is the time dilation factor caused by the gravity of the black hole. Applying these concepts to the initial singularity and expansion of the Universe in a way that also accommodates the apparent rapid initial expansion, we can say as we did earlier that initial space expands from nothing to a volume with a radius length equal to Planck's length, then Planck's length, thus the velocity of light, contracts according to the equation c = 1/ tp, where c is the speed of light and tp is the number of Planck time units that have past since the beginning of the Universe. If we now assume that a volume of dilated space, such as a blackhole, forms within the original space of the Universe and that time within the black hole is always dilated relative to the original space of the Universe by a factor such that u, the time dilation factor, always equals tp, then the non-dilated time frame that would exist within the black hole, according to the concept just introduced, would have a size, measured in terms of the speed of light, relative to the original space of the Universe that is described by the equation c = 1/tp^2. Consequently, after approximately 10^30 Planck time units, this equal to approx. 10^-9 seconds, from the perspective of someone within the black hole the Universe would appear to have a size equal to approximately 10^60 Planck lengths, this consistent with the presently accepted theories regarding the initial expansion of the Universe. From this point in time (10^-9 seconds after the beginning of the Universe) on, contraction of the original space of the Universe, and thus the blackhole in it, will cause an expansion and dispersal of the space within the black hole into the the original space of the Universe. The concept of time acceleration has profound implications in regards to quantum mechanics. As stated, an accelerated time reference frame would not directly be perceived from the perspective of an observer in the normal time frame. There is a situation though where accelerated frames can be understood as manifested in a useful way, and this is as a hidden variable in determining quantum values.  What makes this possible is the fact that since mass diminishes as time acceleration increases, it is possible define nearly massless particles moving at what seem to be velocities greater than the speed light, though they are not, as it is the acceleration of time that enables the particle to move great distances almost instantaneously. It thus becomes possible to describe a mode of energy that can transfer information through space at velocities that seem to be greater than the velocity of light, though they are not.  This then solves the main perceived problem with the development of a hidden variable theory for describing quantum phenomena. Information energy waves that can transfer information to anywhere in the Universe almost instantaneously can be described in the following way.  We can say that there exists a maximum time acceleration factor.  This is calculated by comparing a minimum time duration, Planck's time unit, to the age of the Universe, and equals (T/Planck time). This would mean that a time accelerated version of any particle of mass (m), has a mass equal to m/(T/Planck time) and can travel a distance equal to about the radius of the Universe in a period slightly greater than Planck's time. With this understanding the total non-accelerated mass of any particle can be described as the sum of (T/Planck time) maximally accelerated versions of the particle. Also, any possible time accelerated version of a particle can be described as a particular sum of maximally accelerated versions of the particles, and these distinct time accelerated versions can describe a simultaneous presence of the particle at every point in the Universe at all times. Another consequence of the existence of accelerated time reference frames is the possibility of a new definition for time.  The passage of time in the Universe can be defined in terms of a progressive increase the degree of time acceleration relative to a base time reference frame.  Using an initial and maximum time dilation that existed for the primordial singularity from which our Universe was formed as a base time reference frame, each moment in time can be defined in terms of a time acceleration relative to that initial dilation.