Alternative Relativity                                                                                              by Richard Quist                                                                                                  copyright 2008   The great paradox of special relativity is that two observers in relative motion to each other perceive reality very differently.  The key element that describes this difference is the concept of time dilation, with the observer considered to be in motion necessarily needing to be considered to be observing reality under the influence of a time dilation, even though the observer in motion himself does not perceive this time dilation,  perceiving himself to be experiencing time normally. This approach successfully explains why the velocity of light in a vacuum is observed to be constant by all observers in all reference frames.  Special relativity assumes that each observer perceives light as moving at the same velocity, c, though time dilation causes different perceptions of the same events.  However, there is another possible approach to understanding this paradox.  If the frame of the observer in motion undergoes a contraction in size in all directions relative the frame of the observer considered to be stationary, this contraction not observable from the vantage point of the stationary observer except in the direction of motion, with this contraction equal in magnitude to the inverse of the time dilation normally associated with the velocity, the observer in motion can then be considered to be perceiving time normally.  This would mean that the observer in motion actually experiences a contraction in the velocity of light relative to the velocity of light as measured by the stationary observer, though they don't perceive it as such because of the overall contraction of size which also occurs.  This then explains how the observer in motion can be experiencing normal time while simultaneously existing in a state of time dilation as perceived  by a motionless observer. As with conventional of relativity, with the contraction solution there are different perceptions of reality for two observers in motion relative to each other, though the nature of the differences are different.  The main characteristic of the new interpretation is that the perceived normal reference frame of the observer considered to be in motion is for the most part contracted to within the space of the dilated reference frame.  Because of this it is easier to see how the path of a photon is translated from one observer's perception to the other's.  Below I illustrate this.
					fig. 1a                                                                fig. 2a
		Referring to fig. 1a, when an observer in motion moves from position (a) to position (b) at a velocity of .867c, after one second a photon of light released by the observer when he is at (a) will end up at position ( c ).  From the point view of a stationary observer located at (a) the photon will have appeared to have moved from (a) to ( c ) in that one second, and a photon that he himself has released in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the motion of (b) will end up at (g).  From the point of view of the observer in motion, now located at (b), however, the photon will have appeared to have moved from only (b) to ( c), equal to only half the distance between (a) and ( c ), but since time is dilated for the moving observer by a factor of two (thus only half as much time passes), velocity is still perceived to be c.  According to the conventional interpretation of special relativity, the observer in motion (b), according to the observer at (a), does not see himself as in motion but instead sees (a) as in motion.  Thus he will always see himself at (b), and he will perceive the other observer to have moved away from position (b) to position (a), and a photon released by the other observer to have moved from (b) to (g).  With the contracting concept, however, depicted in fig. 2, the situation is different, since.  In the eyes of the observer at (b), observer (a) will have appeared to have moved from position (b) to position (f), since length is contracted by a factor of one half, and a photon released by that moving observer will appear to have moved from (b) to (e).  He will still perceive time as not dilated for himself and as dilated for the other observer because both distance measurement and velocity of light have contracted for him by the same factor (1/u, equal to 1/2). The concept of contracted reference frames is actually derived from an understanding of the consequences of the length contraction of relativity. Without length contraction, a stationary observer would determine that the velocity of light from a source in motion would need to be increased by a factor of u in the directions parallel to motion for the observer in motion.  This is because without length contraction the light would have to travel too great a distance, by a factor of (u) in the eyes of the observer in the dilated frame.  It is the phenomenon of length contraction that enables the observer to say that for the observer in motion the velocity of light has not needed to increase in this direction, and thus a constant relationship between the speed of light and length measure is maintained. An aspect of this solution is that with it one reference frame can more obviously be considered to be preferred over another, which is not true of conventional interpretations of relativity.  In my paper "The Big Shrink" (at www.richardquist.com) there is a section called "Hidden Aether",   in which I use the expansion of the space of the Universe as a basis for determining actual, as opposed to simply perceived, time reference frames.  With the contraction approach to describing relativity however, it becomes possible to choose a single point in the Universe as a reference point for a priary reference frame, with the reference frames determined for all other positions in space (as is  described in "A Hidden Aether") described as contracted relative to this primary frame. Another aspect of this view is that it makes it possible to describe space as existing in a normal state and within the confines of the singularity of a black hole simultaneously, even the initial singularity described by the Big Bang theory.  This, in combination with aspects of the conventional interpretation of relativity, can produce what I believe to be a more reasonable and accurate explanation of the creation and expansion of the Universe. With a black hole the dilated condition caused by gravity can be described relative to the normal non-dilated space of the Universe, and this becomes the basis for describing an internal, contracted normal time reference frame for the black hole. With the view described above it can be said that it is possible that a black hole contains a contracted, normal, time reference frames within themselves, with these frames contracted relative to the size of the dilated reference frame as described by the length contraction associated with the time dilation of the black hole.  Thus the internal normal non-dilated time reference frame is contracted in size and velocity of light relative to the normal non-dilated reference frame of the space the Universe by a factor of u, where u is the time dilation factor caused by the gravity of the black hole. With the initial singularity of the Universe, we can say that it can be described as the sum many black holes compacted together.  This can be pictured as a large number of tiny bubbles, each bubble representing a black hole, compacted together into a space equal in size to one of the bubbles, thus they all occupy the same space.  Each of these black hole bubbles represents an area of potential space that will eventually separate from the others and expand to become the space of the Universe as we now perceive it.  As described above, a normal non-dilated time frame represents the most expanded time reference cone, and this represents the space of the Universe as we perceive it now, but in the initial singularity this doesn't yet exist, as it will come into existence as part of the initial expansion of the Universe. The reference frame that is described as dilated relative to this however does exist at this point in time, and it is this dilated frame that will also eventually contain the contracted normal time reference frame within itself, as described above.  Consequently, the initial singularity of the Universe can be described as being comprised of a sum of a large number of black holes in there dilated states, and the initial expansion of the Universe can be understood to be the result of the expansion and separation of these black holes in combination with the contraction of the non-dilated frames within them.
		Referring to the description of the original time dilation presented in my paper titled "Time Accelerated Frames", the original singularity can be described as time dilated relative to normal time by a factor of approximately (10^60), this equal to (T^3)(T^1/2), where T equals (2 x 10^17), 1/2 the approximate age of the Universe in seconds.  This is approximately equal to the radius of the present day perceivable Universe, divided by Planck's length. Using this with the contracting concept described above, the Universe can be described as actually collapsed into the original singularity.  If we assume that expansion and contraction each contribute equally to the apparent present day size of the Universe, then expansion is by a factor of (T)(T^1/2)(T^1/4), equal to approximately T^30, and contraction is by a factor of 1/((T)(T^1/2)(T^1/4)), equal to approximately 1/T^30.  Thus, the basic gestation of the Universe can be described in the following way. The size of the original singularity (assumed to be equal to Planck's length)  initially expands by a factor of (T^30) to a size of approximately (1x10^-5 km), and then the velocity of light and the standard of length of space contracts by a factor of 1/(T^30).  This would give us the Universe we perceive today.  The fact that non-dilated space is defined as contracted relative to a base dilated frame produces the possibility that there are multiple levels of space defined by related contraction factors, with each level defining an area of space with specific characteristics.  As stated earlier the base contraction factor is defined by (T^3)(T^1/2), where T equals (2 x 10^17), the approximate age of the Universe, in seconds.  This is approximately equal to the perceived radius of the present day Universe divided by Planck's length.  This factor can be expressed in terms of (T)(T^1/2)(T^1/4), and this is useful because of the following reasons.  When the fourth root of (T) is multiplied by itself between 1 and thirteen times, and divided into one, various contraction factors result which can be used, when multiplied by a standard length, to describe different realm of action for the different forms of energy that are manifested in the physical Universe.